07年毕业，还没有单干的资本，我分析我自己也不适合单干，一直在打工，也倾向于一辈子打工。我工作快两年了，回顾一下自己的经历，写了点东西。大家也一起来说说经验吧，共同交流一下，互相促进，增长一点本领。 凡是跟帖回复的，写出真实经历的，揭露无良公司假招聘手法的，表扬优秀雇主的，谴责恶劣雇主的，能给版友们启发的，介绍你现在所在的城市的人力资源状况的，……，识字不疯狂同志都向您表达崇高的敬意。下面就是我的文字了。 经验一：光鲜的招聘现场背后不一定代表一个正规友善、蓬勃向上的公司。比如2007年初我经历过一个大型**超市，它很快就倒闭了，招聘现场非常热闹，招聘手法非常有现代感——但是，两个月后，这家公司倒闭了。所以判断一个公司的实力，最好还是上网查一下、到公司问一下，像这个公司的供货商或者合作伙伴打听一下，绝人不能看招聘时的场面或者招聘人员的自我宣传。
经验二：招聘人员的高素质，不代表将来直接和你一起工作的人同样素质高；很多朋友都遇到过这样的问题，好不容易看到了一个知情达理的HR，谈得也很好。去工作了以后，才发现那个公司很乱套，除了那个HR以外的人员都非常差，甚至你会发现那个HR也很差。 经验三：经常招聘的公司，基本都不好地方，多数还有圈套。广为人知的就是**证券、**建材、**保险，别看他们还是上市公司，骗起人来都是一套一套的。在国外店越大越得谨慎，但是目前国内越大的店越具有欺负人的潜质，还没人管，**建材就是典型。 经验四：招聘人员夸夸其谈的、使用煽动性语言的，多数都是陷阱。这样的有很多，一般都是几个穿着西装领带的人在招聘现场唾沫横飞，职位一般都是销售，许诺只要你能干，月薪3000、5000、10000，甚至100000都不在话下。比较出名的还有**保险的”保险，永不失业的朝阳产业”，靠，如果是永不失业的朝阳产业，你怎么还每周都到人才市场招人？ 经验五：如果你不喜欢现在的专业，决心要通过考研究生改行，那么不必在考研究生之前找工作，考完后也会有工作的，尤其是春节以后。人的精力有限，集中兵力做好一件事情。反正你都想改行了，就不要想工作的事情。《圣经》中说，上帝要毁掉所多玛城的时候，透信给一个哥们，让那哥们赶紧走，就是不能回头，回头就变成盐柱了。结果那哥们，哎…… 经验六：招聘的时候资方不谈给多少钱的，多数都是给的很少，不好意思说，先把你人忽悠去了再说。谈薪水这个东西是非常非常非常正常的，刚毕业的学生可能还有点扭转不过来，以为谈钱是多不好意思的事呀。被雇用不就是出卖自己么，卖自己之前怎么也得有个价码呀。绝口不谈薪水的公司，多半都是给的钱非常少；当然也有一些国际大公司，事先不谈薪水的，因为行业内的人都知道薪水肯定少不了。 经验七：交押金的、押毕业证原件的都是一些不爽的地方。能不去就不去。我遇见过要求抵押毕业证原件的，是一个台资企业，也遇见过要交押金的，是一个四川民企，说是公司有很多商业秘密，所以要押金。你把青春压上了，还要压毕业证或是现金，这样的地方是无论如何也不要理会的。 经验八：老总亲自去招聘的，基本都是很小的公司。中国的民企长不大，和老总的素质关系极大，当然了老总的素质低下也是全民整体素质低下的表现，不是说素质低的人才做老板。在招聘会现场，凡是那些一脸深沉、浑身霸气、看人的眼光挑三拣四、交谈的时候很没有礼貌、张口我的公司现在已经很大了、闭口你要是来我们公司还得试用半年……的老总，基本上都不要考虑去他们的公司了。 经验九：关于各种保险和住房公积金。第一不要相信企业的许诺，他说有，但是很多时候没有。第二，即使有，也可能很少很少。我的一个朋友每个月的工资在3K左右，公司给缴了3年多的医疗保险，但是一场感冒医保卡里面的钱就全都没有了，因为那个公司是按照月工资300元给缴的保险——他的工资的确是三百元，剩下的都是奖金。 经验十：绝大多数公司定下的面试时间都不准确。从招聘约会的时间上看，目前我们国家的绝大多数企业实在还是停留在很低级的管理水平上，按照约定好的时间到了，还要等上一个小时两个小时，在招聘的人眼里看来那都是很正常的。中国人的时间观念差，可见一斑。有些大企业要好一些，很守时。甚至告诉你8：55到什么地方，9：00到什么地方，有专人接送。如果有公司迟到什么，不要太生气，都那味，不守时的公司不见得是很差的公司。 经验十一：女孩子要注意的。有一些公司是来招儿媳妇的、招小姐的，这是比较明显的骗局。还有一些公司需要大量的文员，他就不断地招聘女生以很低的薪水去做那些基础性的工作，试用期一过就说你不合格。另外企业人员素质非常差比如说什么司机保安都能甚嚣尘上的公司，或者男女关系很复杂的公司，也都不要去。 经验十二：广结善缘、不去那里工作，也不要弄出点仇来。踏入社会后每接触的一个人或者一个公司，都可能与你未来生活产生关联。如果你不想被他雇用，也不要和他结下梁子，无论他可能多么没礼貌、或者他开除的薪水是多么没有礼貌。和颜悦色的表达你的拒绝的意思就行了。我仍举上面说过的那个四川的网络公司，他们对有1年经验的员工给出的待遇是，试用期500、转正700，试用期三个月，无论试用转正都没有合同，头两个月要扣除300元押金（第一个月扣200也就是开300，第二个月扣100也就是开400），除此以外没有任何形式的补助、奖金、保险、公积金，每周休息一天。但是随时加班，没有加班费。加班到晚上没有公交车的时候，也不给报打车费，公司内有大通铺，爱睡不睡。 这个公司把我激怒了。因为我在填写薪酬待遇的时候添了2k，而且特意在人才市场现场询问了招聘者，能不能达到这个数字。那个招聘的女士很礼貌的说，你下午来吧，这是地址条。我下午推了很重要的事情去的，并且那个公司的面试迟到了少一个小时，结果那个给我递条的人，也就是人力资源主任，在她的办公室同样优雅的说着上面的待遇的时候，我彻底被激怒了，不待脏字的把她骂了，为了我付出的那些时间。 但是，事后反省，我觉得没有必要骂人。因为那不能是我自己的境遇有所改善。在那以后无论碰上多么差劲的招聘者，我都没有发脾气。我可以选择不被他雇用，但是可能以后这个公司就是我的客户，何必呢。 经验十三：小心“后备主管”“储备经理”等。这些职位一般都是招男生，招进去了以后什么活都干，什么苦都吃。因为你是“后备”“储备”呀，所以什么活都让你干。这种把戏多见于那些季节性的行业，比如夏天的酒店和旅行社。 经验十四：永远不要相信承诺，也不要相信合同。这是目前我国的国情。空口固然无凭，盖上了红章章的黑纸白字一样也是废纸。对于一个公司对待员工的状况，口碑这个东东要比承诺、合同都更稍微可信一点。 经验十五：关于劳动合同。多研究一下《劳动法》《合同法》吧，签合同之前要把一些问题搞清楚。很多时候，签还是不签，那是一个问题呀！这个问题比较复杂，我说不太清楚。因为种种种种的原因，我从来就没跟雇主签过合同，虽然我希望做一个守法公民。 经验十六：在选择被谁雇佣之前，仔细计算一下投入产出比例？？薪水不是唯一应该被考虑的元素，甚至连重要因素都不是。比如说一个人挣5k，另外一个人挣2k，表面看来收入5k的要比收入2k的收入高很多。但是如果这个挣5k的每天10小时严重超负荷工作，每两周只有一天休息，而且他从事的工作比较封闭，拓展的空间比较小，接触的人也非常少；那个收入2k的每周工作5天，一天8小时，公司有各种培训，工作很开放，拓展的空间也很大。那么我想这两个人五年以后的健康状况、做人境界、收入境界的差别都会非常大的。 经验十七：穿着打扮。面试的时候算是一个比较正式的场合了，所以就要打扮得有那么一点职业气息，绝大多数的公司都需要规矩人。所以如果应聘的不是很需要创造力的职位的话，还是在头几次打扮得乖巧一点，以后模着到了，再怎么舒服怎么穿。女孩子面试的时候，不必特意打扮的，又是做头发、又是买衣服的，不是很有必要。如果一个公司因为你打扮得妖艳看上了你，那才是需要担忧的事情。更有甚者，我听说过有很多人在大学四年级的时候整容，呵呵，那种自我摧残就不要了。一个员工的价值，不在于它是单眼皮合适的双眼皮，在于她眼睛的洞察力。 经验十八：要不要美丽的撒谎。有一些谎言，还是要有的，那种善意的。比如人问你打算在北京定居么，你总不能实话实说这个鬼地方风沙大停车贵总堵车我干两年就回九寨沟老家。 经验十九：刚刚毕业尽量进大公司。应届毕业生，对于公司的选择更要慎重，哈佛的几个心理学家研究过人的第一份工作和一生发展轨迹的关系，得出的结论是人的第一个工作的对一个人的影响比我们想象的还要大，因为那奠定了一个人很多的思考习惯，行为习惯。在高效率的公司干过，到了低效率的公司也能适应。不过要是在一个小公司养成了一身坏毛病，以后的发展就很受限制。大公司之所以能成为大公司，肯定是有过人之处的。进一个好公司相当于上一个好大学，不知不觉中就出息了。 经验二十：招聘人缺少教养的，不管工资给到多高，也不要去。一个公司让缺少礼貌的人去负责招聘，这个公司根本就不值得期待。 其实，把这些都写完以后，我心里也知道，几乎没有公司能够完全按照法律条文上说的那样用工，尤其是对待像大学本科生这样的低级劳动力。既然大学本科生就是过剩劳动力（无论你多牛，从经验这个角度上，你都是过剩的，官方公布的9%的失业率就意味着你将近一成的师兄师姐还没工作呢），所以你必然要碰上一些情况，碰上以后比较合理的选择就是忍气吞声，知道要计较什么不要计较什么，反抗不了就尽情享受吧。
2008年8月25日星期一
2008年8月20日星期三
IT Technical skills and Certification Exams With Pass4side
Technical skills may never die, but areas of expertise wane in importance as technology advances force cnpanies to evolve and IT staff to forsake yesterday’s craft in favor of tomorrow’s must-have talent.
“There is less need for system-side knowledge. In the past, IT folks had to understand a lot about memory, drivers and address locations, and what used which interrupt, but nowadays that stuff is plug-and-chug even on many Unix systems,” says Brian Jones, manager of network engineering at Tech Communications Network Services unit in Blacksburg. “I feel like all the skills I have picked up along the way are valuable and help shape my thinking and troubleshooting abilities. I don’t know how to value or devalue these skills; it’s like they have taken on new value now.”
250-622 - Implementation of DP Solutions for UNIX using NBU 5.0
250-522 - Design & Custom. Of HA Solutions for Windows using VCS 4.1
250-521 - Design of DP Solutions for Windows using NBU 5.0
250-223 - Data Protection Administration for UNIX using NBU 5.0
250-365 - Data Protection Administration for Windows(NBU 6.5)
250-365 - Data Protection Administration for Windows(NBU 6.5)
250-265 - Data Protection Administration for UNIX using NetBackup 6.5
NS0-510 - NCIE-Backup & Recovery Implementation Engineer Exam
jn0-570 - JN0-570 JNCIS-SSL EXAM
920-805 - Nortel Data Networking Technology
1Y0-264 - Citrix Presentation Server 4.5: Support Exam
1Y0-700 - Citrix Application Firewall 8.0: Administration Exam
HP0-M22 - Implementing HP Service Manager Software
hp0-y15 - ProCurve Network Access Control
hp0-j20 - HP Storage Essentials SRM Enterprise Edition
000-973 - Power Systems Sales for the IBM I Operating System
000-331 - Power Systems Sales for AIX and Linux
050-708 - SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 Administration
050-701 - Upgrading to Novell Open Enterprise Server for NetWare
“There is less need for system-side knowledge. In the past, IT folks had to understand a lot about memory, drivers and address locations, and what used which interrupt, but nowadays that stuff is plug-and-chug even on many Unix systems,” says Brian Jones, manager of network engineering at Tech Communications Network Services unit in Blacksburg. “I feel like all the skills I have picked up along the way are valuable and help shape my thinking and troubleshooting abilities. I don’t know how to value or devalue these skills; it’s like they have taken on new value now.”
250-622 - Implementation of DP Solutions for UNIX using NBU 5.0
250-522 - Design & Custom. Of HA Solutions for Windows using VCS 4.1
250-521 - Design of DP Solutions for Windows using NBU 5.0
250-223 - Data Protection Administration for UNIX using NBU 5.0
250-365 - Data Protection Administration for Windows(NBU 6.5)
250-365 - Data Protection Administration for Windows(NBU 6.5)
250-265 - Data Protection Administration for UNIX using NetBackup 6.5
NS0-510 - NCIE-Backup & Recovery Implementation Engineer Exam
jn0-570 - JN0-570 JNCIS-SSL EXAM
920-805 - Nortel Data Networking Technology
1Y0-264 - Citrix Presentation Server 4.5: Support Exam
1Y0-700 - Citrix Application Firewall 8.0: Administration Exam
HP0-M22 - Implementing HP Service Manager Software
hp0-y15 - ProCurve Network Access Control
hp0-j20 - HP Storage Essentials SRM Enterprise Edition
000-973 - Power Systems Sales for the IBM I Operating System
000-331 - Power Systems Sales for AIX and Linux
050-708 - SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 Administration
050-701 - Upgrading to Novell Open Enterprise Server for NetWare
判断ＰＣ是否含有病毒(1)
各种病毒时至今日也可算是百花齐放了，搞得人心惶惶，一旦发现自己的电脑有点异常就认定是病毒在作怪，到处找杀毒软件，一个不行，再来一个，总之似乎不找到”元凶”誓不罢休一样，结果病毒软件是用了一个又一个，或许为此人民币是用了一张又一张，还是未见”元凶”的踪影，其实这未必就是病毒在作怪。
这样的例子并不少见，特别是对于一些初级电脑用户。下面我就结合个人电脑使用及企业网络维护方面的防毒经验从以下几个方面给大家介绍介绍如何判断是否中了病毒，希望对帮助识别”真毒”有一定帮助！
病毒与软、硬件故障的区别和联系
电脑出故障不只是因为感染病毒才会有的，个人电脑使用过程中出现各种故障现象多是因为电脑本身的软、硬件故障引起的，网络上的多是由于权限设置所致。我们只有充分地了解两者的区别与联系，才能作出正确的判断，在真正病毒来了之时才会及时发现。下面我就简要列出了分别因病毒和软、硬件故障引起的一些常见电脑故障症状分析。
症状 病毒的入侵的可能性 软、硬件故障的可能性
经常死机：病毒打开了许多文件或占用了大量内存；不稳定（如内存质量差，硬件超频性能差等）；运行了大容量的软件占用了大量的内存和磁盘空间；使用了一些测试软件（有许多BUG）；硬盘空间不够等等；运行网络上的软件时经常死机也许是由于网络速度太慢，所运行的程序太大，或者自己的工作站硬件配置太低。
系统无法启动：病毒修改了硬盘的引导信息，或删除了某些启动文件。如引导型病毒引导文件损坏；硬盘损坏或参数设置不正确；系统文件人为地误删除等。
文件打不开：病毒修改了文件格式；病毒修改了文件链接位置。文件损坏；硬盘损坏；文件快捷方式对应的链接位置发生了变化；原来编辑文件的软件删除了；如果是在局域网中多表现为服务器中文件存放位置发生了变化，而工作站没有及时涮新服器的内容（长时间打开了资源管理器）。
经常报告内存不够：病毒非法占用了大量内存；打开了大量的软件；运行了需内存资源的软件；系统配置不正确；内存本就不够（目前基本内存要求为128M）等。
提示硬盘空间不够：病毒复制了大量的病毒文件（这个遇到过好几例，有时好端端的近10G硬盘安装了一个WIN98或WINNT4.0系统就说没空间了，一安装软件就提示硬盘空间不够。硬盘每个分区容量太小；安装了大量的大容量软件；所有软件都集中安装在一个分区之中；硬盘本身就小；如果是在局域网中系统管理员为每个用户设置了工作站用户的”私人盘”使用空间限制，因查看的是整个网络盘的大小，其实”私人盘”上容量已用完了。
软盘等设备未访问时出读写信号：病毒感染；软盘取走了还在打开曾经在软盘中打开过的文件。
出现大量来历不明的文件：病毒复制文件；可能是一些软件安装中产生的临时文件；也或许是一些软件的配置信息及运行记录。
启动黑屏：病毒感染（记得最深的是98年的4.26，我为CIH付出了好几千元的代价，那天我第一次开机到了Windows画面就死机了，第二次再开机就什么也没有了）；显示器故障；显示卡故障；主板故障；超频过度；CPU损坏等等
数据丢失：病毒删除了文件；硬盘扇区损坏；因恢复文件而覆盖原文件；如果是在网络上的文件，也可能是由于其它用户误删除了。
键盘或鼠标无端地锁死：病毒作怪，特别要留意”木马”；键盘或鼠标损坏；主板上键盘或鼠标接口损坏；运行了某个键盘或鼠标锁定程序，所运行的程序太大，长时间系统很忙，表现出按键盘或鼠标不起作用。
系统运行速度慢：病毒占用了内存和CPU资源，在后台运行了大量非法操作；硬件配置低；打开的程序太多或太大；系统配置不正确；如果是运行网络上的程序时多数是由于你的机器配置太低造成，也有可能是此时网路上正忙，有许多用户同时打开一个程序；还有一种可能就是你的硬盘空间不够用来运行程序时作临时交换数据用。
系统自动执行操作：病毒在后台执行非法操作；用户在注册表或启动组中设置了有关程序的自动运行；某些软件安装或升级后需自动重启系统。
通过以上的分析对比，我们知道其实大多数故障都可能是由于人为或软、硬件故障造成的，当我们发现异常后不要急于下断言，在杀毒还不能解决的情况下，应仔细分析故障的特征，排除软、硬件及人为的可能性。
病毒的分类及各自的特征
要真正地识别病毒，及时的查杀病毒，我们还有必要对病毒有一番较详细的了解，而且越详细越好！
病毒因为由众多分散的个人或组织单独编写，也没有一个标准去衡量、去划分，所以病毒的分类可按多个角度大体去分。
如按传染对象来分，病毒可以划分为以下几类：
a、引导型病毒
这类病毒攻击的对象就是磁盘的引导扇区，这样就能使系统在启动时获得优先的执行权，从而达到控制整个系统的目的，这类病毒因为感染的是引导扇区，所以造成的损失也就比较大，一般来说会造成系统无法正常启动，但查杀这类病毒也较容易，多数杀毒软件都能查杀这类病毒，如KV300、KILL系列等。
b、文件型病毒
早期的这类病毒一般是感染以exe、com等为扩展名的可执行文件，这样的话当你执行某个可执行文件时病毒程序就跟着激活。近期也有一些病毒感染以dll、ovl、sys等为扩展名的文件，因为这些文件通常是某程序的配置、链接文件，所以执行某程序时病毒也就自动被子加载了。它们加载的方法是通过插入病毒代码整段落或分散插入到这些文件的空白字节中，如CIH病毒就是把自己拆分成9段嵌入到PE结构的可执行文件中，感染后通常文件的字节数并不见增加，这就是它的隐蔽性的一面。
c、网络型病毒
这种病毒是近几来网络的高速发展的产物，感染的对象不再局限于单一的模式和单一的可执行文件，而是更加综合、更加隐蔽。现在一些网络型病毒几乎可以对所有的OFFICE文件进行感染，如WORD、EXCEL、电子邮件等。其攻击方式也有转变，从原始的删除、修改文件到现在进行文件加密、窃取用户有用信息（如黑客程序）等，传播的途经也发生了质的飞跃，不再局限磁盘，而是通过更加隐蔽的网络进行，如电子邮件、电子广告等。
d、复合型病毒
把它归为”复合型病毒”，是因为它们同时具备了”引导型”和”文件型”病毒的某些特点，它们即可以感染磁盘的引导扇区文件，也可以感染某此可执行文件，如果没有对这类病毒进行全面的清除，则残留病毒可自我恢复，还会造成引导扇区文件和可执行文件的感染，所以这类病毒查杀难度极大，所用的杀毒软件要同时具备查杀两类病毒的功能。
这样的例子并不少见，特别是对于一些初级电脑用户。下面我就结合个人电脑使用及企业网络维护方面的防毒经验从以下几个方面给大家介绍介绍如何判断是否中了病毒，希望对帮助识别”真毒”有一定帮助！
病毒与软、硬件故障的区别和联系
电脑出故障不只是因为感染病毒才会有的，个人电脑使用过程中出现各种故障现象多是因为电脑本身的软、硬件故障引起的，网络上的多是由于权限设置所致。我们只有充分地了解两者的区别与联系，才能作出正确的判断，在真正病毒来了之时才会及时发现。下面我就简要列出了分别因病毒和软、硬件故障引起的一些常见电脑故障症状分析。
症状 病毒的入侵的可能性 软、硬件故障的可能性
经常死机：病毒打开了许多文件或占用了大量内存；不稳定（如内存质量差，硬件超频性能差等）；运行了大容量的软件占用了大量的内存和磁盘空间；使用了一些测试软件（有许多BUG）；硬盘空间不够等等；运行网络上的软件时经常死机也许是由于网络速度太慢，所运行的程序太大，或者自己的工作站硬件配置太低。
系统无法启动：病毒修改了硬盘的引导信息，或删除了某些启动文件。如引导型病毒引导文件损坏；硬盘损坏或参数设置不正确；系统文件人为地误删除等。
文件打不开：病毒修改了文件格式；病毒修改了文件链接位置。文件损坏；硬盘损坏；文件快捷方式对应的链接位置发生了变化；原来编辑文件的软件删除了；如果是在局域网中多表现为服务器中文件存放位置发生了变化，而工作站没有及时涮新服器的内容（长时间打开了资源管理器）。
经常报告内存不够：病毒非法占用了大量内存；打开了大量的软件；运行了需内存资源的软件；系统配置不正确；内存本就不够（目前基本内存要求为128M）等。
提示硬盘空间不够：病毒复制了大量的病毒文件（这个遇到过好几例，有时好端端的近10G硬盘安装了一个WIN98或WINNT4.0系统就说没空间了，一安装软件就提示硬盘空间不够。硬盘每个分区容量太小；安装了大量的大容量软件；所有软件都集中安装在一个分区之中；硬盘本身就小；如果是在局域网中系统管理员为每个用户设置了工作站用户的”私人盘”使用空间限制，因查看的是整个网络盘的大小，其实”私人盘”上容量已用完了。
软盘等设备未访问时出读写信号：病毒感染；软盘取走了还在打开曾经在软盘中打开过的文件。
出现大量来历不明的文件：病毒复制文件；可能是一些软件安装中产生的临时文件；也或许是一些软件的配置信息及运行记录。
启动黑屏：病毒感染（记得最深的是98年的4.26，我为CIH付出了好几千元的代价，那天我第一次开机到了Windows画面就死机了，第二次再开机就什么也没有了）；显示器故障；显示卡故障；主板故障；超频过度；CPU损坏等等
数据丢失：病毒删除了文件；硬盘扇区损坏；因恢复文件而覆盖原文件；如果是在网络上的文件，也可能是由于其它用户误删除了。
键盘或鼠标无端地锁死：病毒作怪，特别要留意”木马”；键盘或鼠标损坏；主板上键盘或鼠标接口损坏；运行了某个键盘或鼠标锁定程序，所运行的程序太大，长时间系统很忙，表现出按键盘或鼠标不起作用。
系统运行速度慢：病毒占用了内存和CPU资源，在后台运行了大量非法操作；硬件配置低；打开的程序太多或太大；系统配置不正确；如果是运行网络上的程序时多数是由于你的机器配置太低造成，也有可能是此时网路上正忙，有许多用户同时打开一个程序；还有一种可能就是你的硬盘空间不够用来运行程序时作临时交换数据用。
系统自动执行操作：病毒在后台执行非法操作；用户在注册表或启动组中设置了有关程序的自动运行；某些软件安装或升级后需自动重启系统。
通过以上的分析对比，我们知道其实大多数故障都可能是由于人为或软、硬件故障造成的，当我们发现异常后不要急于下断言，在杀毒还不能解决的情况下，应仔细分析故障的特征，排除软、硬件及人为的可能性。
病毒的分类及各自的特征
要真正地识别病毒，及时的查杀病毒，我们还有必要对病毒有一番较详细的了解，而且越详细越好！
病毒因为由众多分散的个人或组织单独编写，也没有一个标准去衡量、去划分，所以病毒的分类可按多个角度大体去分。
如按传染对象来分，病毒可以划分为以下几类：
a、引导型病毒
这类病毒攻击的对象就是磁盘的引导扇区，这样就能使系统在启动时获得优先的执行权，从而达到控制整个系统的目的，这类病毒因为感染的是引导扇区，所以造成的损失也就比较大，一般来说会造成系统无法正常启动，但查杀这类病毒也较容易，多数杀毒软件都能查杀这类病毒，如KV300、KILL系列等。
b、文件型病毒
早期的这类病毒一般是感染以exe、com等为扩展名的可执行文件，这样的话当你执行某个可执行文件时病毒程序就跟着激活。近期也有一些病毒感染以dll、ovl、sys等为扩展名的文件，因为这些文件通常是某程序的配置、链接文件，所以执行某程序时病毒也就自动被子加载了。它们加载的方法是通过插入病毒代码整段落或分散插入到这些文件的空白字节中，如CIH病毒就是把自己拆分成9段嵌入到PE结构的可执行文件中，感染后通常文件的字节数并不见增加，这就是它的隐蔽性的一面。
c、网络型病毒
这种病毒是近几来网络的高速发展的产物，感染的对象不再局限于单一的模式和单一的可执行文件，而是更加综合、更加隐蔽。现在一些网络型病毒几乎可以对所有的OFFICE文件进行感染，如WORD、EXCEL、电子邮件等。其攻击方式也有转变，从原始的删除、修改文件到现在进行文件加密、窃取用户有用信息（如黑客程序）等，传播的途经也发生了质的飞跃，不再局限磁盘，而是通过更加隐蔽的网络进行，如电子邮件、电子广告等。
d、复合型病毒
把它归为”复合型病毒”，是因为它们同时具备了”引导型”和”文件型”病毒的某些特点，它们即可以感染磁盘的引导扇区文件，也可以感染某此可执行文件，如果没有对这类病毒进行全面的清除，则残留病毒可自我恢复，还会造成引导扇区文件和可执行文件的感染，所以这类病毒查杀难度极大，所用的杀毒软件要同时具备查杀两类病毒的功能。
判断ＰＣ是否含有病毒(2)
以上是按照病毒感染的对象来分，如果按病毒的破坏程度来分，我们又可以将病毒划分为以下几种：
a、良性病毒：
这些病毒之所以把它们称之为良性病毒，是因为它们入侵的目的不是破坏你的系统，只是想玩一玩而已，多数是一些初级病毒发烧友想测试一下自己的开发病毒程序的水平。它们并不想破坏你的系统，只是发出某种声音，或出现一些提示，除了占用一定的硬盘空间和CPU处理时间外别无其它坏处。如一些木马病毒程序也是这样，只是想窃取你电脑中的一些通讯信息，如密码、IP地址等，以备有需要时用。
b、恶性病毒
我们把只对软件系统造成干扰、窃取信息、修改系统信息，不会造成硬件损坏、数据丢失等严重后果的病毒归之为”恶性病毒”，这类病毒入侵后系统除了不能正常使用之外，别无其它损失，系统损坏后一般只需要重装系统的某个部分文件后即可恢复，当然还是要杀掉这些病毒之后重装系统。
c、极恶性病毒
这类病毒比上述b类病毒损坏的程度又要大些，一般如果是感染上这类病毒你的系统就要彻底崩溃，根本无法正常启动，你保分留在硬盘中的有用数据也可能随之不能获取，轻一点的还只是删除系统文件和应用程序等。
d、灾难性病毒
这类病毒从它的名字我们就可以知道它会给我们带来的破坏程度，这类病毒一般是破坏磁盘的引导扇区文件、修改文件分配表和硬盘分区表，造成系统根本无法启动，有时甚至会格式化或锁死你的硬盘，使你无法使用硬盘。如果一旦染上这类病毒，你的系统就很难恢复了，保留在硬盘中的数据也就很难获取了，所造成的损失是非常巨大的，所以我们进化论什么时候应作好最坏的打算，特别是针对企业用户，应充分作好灾难性备份，还好现在大多数大型企业都已认识到备份的意义所在，花巨资在每天的系统和数据备份上，虽然大家都知道或许几年也不可能遇到过这样灾难性的后果，但是还是放松这”万一”。我所在的雀巢就是这样，而且还非常重视这个问题。如98年4.26发作的CIH病毒就可划归此类，因为它不仅对软件造成破坏，更直接对硬盘、主板的BIOS等硬件造成破坏。如按其入侵的方式来分为以下几种：
a、源代码嵌入攻击型
从它的名字我们就知道这类病毒入侵的主要是高级语言的源程序，病毒是在源程序编译之前插入病毒代码，最后随源程序一起被编译成可执行文件，这样刚生成的文件就是带毒文件。当然这类文件是极少数，因为这些病毒开发者不可能轻易得到那些软件开发公司编译前的源程序，况且这种入侵的方式难度较大，需要非常专业的编程水平。
b、代码取代攻击型
这类病毒主要是用它自身的病毒代码取代某个入侵程序的整个或部分模块，这类病毒也少见，它主要是攻击特定的程序，针对性较强，但是不易被发现，清除起来也较困难。
c、系统修改型
这类病毒主要是用自身程序覆盖或修改系统中的某些文件来达到调用或替代操作系统中的部分功能，由于是直接感染系统，危害较大，也是最为多见的一种病毒类型，多为文件型病毒。
d、外壳附加型
这类病毒通常是将其病毒附加在正常程序的头部或尾部，相当于给程序添加了一个外壳，在被感染的程序执行时，病毒代码先被执行，然后才将正常程序调入内存。目前大多数文件型的病毒属于这一类。
a、良性病毒：
这些病毒之所以把它们称之为良性病毒，是因为它们入侵的目的不是破坏你的系统，只是想玩一玩而已，多数是一些初级病毒发烧友想测试一下自己的开发病毒程序的水平。它们并不想破坏你的系统，只是发出某种声音，或出现一些提示，除了占用一定的硬盘空间和CPU处理时间外别无其它坏处。如一些木马病毒程序也是这样，只是想窃取你电脑中的一些通讯信息，如密码、IP地址等，以备有需要时用。
b、恶性病毒
我们把只对软件系统造成干扰、窃取信息、修改系统信息，不会造成硬件损坏、数据丢失等严重后果的病毒归之为”恶性病毒”，这类病毒入侵后系统除了不能正常使用之外，别无其它损失，系统损坏后一般只需要重装系统的某个部分文件后即可恢复，当然还是要杀掉这些病毒之后重装系统。
c、极恶性病毒
这类病毒比上述b类病毒损坏的程度又要大些，一般如果是感染上这类病毒你的系统就要彻底崩溃，根本无法正常启动，你保分留在硬盘中的有用数据也可能随之不能获取，轻一点的还只是删除系统文件和应用程序等。
d、灾难性病毒
这类病毒从它的名字我们就可以知道它会给我们带来的破坏程度，这类病毒一般是破坏磁盘的引导扇区文件、修改文件分配表和硬盘分区表，造成系统根本无法启动，有时甚至会格式化或锁死你的硬盘，使你无法使用硬盘。如果一旦染上这类病毒，你的系统就很难恢复了，保留在硬盘中的数据也就很难获取了，所造成的损失是非常巨大的，所以我们进化论什么时候应作好最坏的打算，特别是针对企业用户，应充分作好灾难性备份，还好现在大多数大型企业都已认识到备份的意义所在，花巨资在每天的系统和数据备份上，虽然大家都知道或许几年也不可能遇到过这样灾难性的后果，但是还是放松这”万一”。我所在的雀巢就是这样，而且还非常重视这个问题。如98年4.26发作的CIH病毒就可划归此类，因为它不仅对软件造成破坏，更直接对硬盘、主板的BIOS等硬件造成破坏。如按其入侵的方式来分为以下几种：
a、源代码嵌入攻击型
从它的名字我们就知道这类病毒入侵的主要是高级语言的源程序，病毒是在源程序编译之前插入病毒代码，最后随源程序一起被编译成可执行文件，这样刚生成的文件就是带毒文件。当然这类文件是极少数，因为这些病毒开发者不可能轻易得到那些软件开发公司编译前的源程序，况且这种入侵的方式难度较大，需要非常专业的编程水平。
b、代码取代攻击型
这类病毒主要是用它自身的病毒代码取代某个入侵程序的整个或部分模块，这类病毒也少见，它主要是攻击特定的程序，针对性较强，但是不易被发现，清除起来也较困难。
c、系统修改型
这类病毒主要是用自身程序覆盖或修改系统中的某些文件来达到调用或替代操作系统中的部分功能，由于是直接感染系统，危害较大，也是最为多见的一种病毒类型，多为文件型病毒。
d、外壳附加型
这类病毒通常是将其病毒附加在正常程序的头部或尾部，相当于给程序添加了一个外壳，在被感染的程序执行时，病毒代码先被执行，然后才将正常程序调入内存。目前大多数文件型的病毒属于这一类。
判断ＰＣ是否含有病毒(3)
有了病毒的一些基本知识后现在我们就可以来检查你的电脑中是否含有病毒，要知道这些我们可以按以下几个方法来判断。
1、反病毒软件的扫描法
这恐怕是我们绝大数朋友首选，也恐怕是唯一的选择，现在病毒种类是越来越多，隐蔽的手段也越来越高明，所以给查杀病毒带来了新的难度，也给反病毒软件开发商带来挑战。但随着计算机程序开发语言的技术性提高、计算机网络越来越普及，病毒的开发和传播是越来越容易了，因而反病毒软件开发公司也是越来越多了。但目前比较有名的还是那么几个系统的反病毒软件，如金山毒霸、KV300、KILL、PC-cillin、VRV、瑞星、诺顿等。至于这些反病毒软件的使用在此就不必说叙了，我相信大家都有这个水平！
2、观察法
这一方法只有在了解了一些病毒发作的症状及常栖身的地方才能准确地观察到。如硬盘引导时经常出现死机、系统引导时间较长、运行速度很慢、不能访问硬盘、出现特殊的声音或提示等上述在第一大点中出现的故障时，我们首先要考虑的是病毒在作怪，但也不能一条胡洞走到底，上面我不是讲了软、硬件出现故障同样也可能出现那些症状嘛！对于如属病毒引起的我们可以从以下几个方面来观察：
a、内存观察
这一方法一般用在DOS下发现的病毒，我们可用DOS下的”mem/c/p”命令来查看各程序占用内存的情况，从中发现病毒占用内存的情况（一般不单独占用，而是依附在其它程序之中），有的病毒占用内存也比较隐蔽，用”mem/c/p”发现不了它，但可以看到总的基本内存640K之中少了那么区区1k或几K。
b、注册表观察法
这类方法一般适用于近来出现的所谓黑客程序，如木马程序，这些病毒一般是通过修改注册表中的启动、加载配置来达到自动启动或加载的，一般是在如下几个地方实现：
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion
等等，具体可参考我的另一篇文章–《通通透透看木马》，在其中对注册表中可能出现的地方会有一个比较详尽的分析。
c、系统配置文件观察法
这类方法一般也是适用于黑客类程序，这类病毒一般在隐藏在system.ini 、wini.ini（Win9x/WinME）和启动组中，在system.ini文件中有一个”shell=”项，而在wini.ini文件中有”load= “、”run= “项，这些病毒一般就是在这些项目中加载它们自身的程序的，注意有时是修改原有的某个程序。我们可以运行Win9x/WinME中的msconfig.exe程序来一项一项查看。具体也可参考我的《通通透透看木马》一文。
d、特征字符串观察法
这种方法主要是针对一些较特别的病毒，这些病毒入侵时会写相应的特征代码，如CIH病毒就会在入侵的文件中写入”CIH”这样的字符串，当然我们不可能轻易地发现，我们可以对主要的系统文件（如Explorer.exe)运用16进制代码编辑器进行编辑就可发现，当然编辑之前最好还要要备份，毕竟是主要系统文件。
e、硬盘空间观察法
有些病毒不会破坏你的系统文件，而仅是生成一个隐藏的文件，这个文件一般内容很少，但所占硬盘空间很大，有时大得让你的硬盘无法运行一般的程序，但是你查又看不到它，这时我们就要打开资源管理器，然后把所查看的内容属性设置成可查看所有属性的文件（这方法应不需要我来说吧？），相信这个庞然大物一定会到时显形的，因为病毒一般把它设置成隐藏属性的。到时删除它即可，这方面的例子在我进行电脑网络维护和个人电脑维修过程中见到几例，明明只安装了几个常用程序，为什么在C盘之中几个G的硬盘空间显示就没有了，经过上述方法一般能很快地让病毒显形的。
1、反病毒软件的扫描法
这恐怕是我们绝大数朋友首选，也恐怕是唯一的选择，现在病毒种类是越来越多，隐蔽的手段也越来越高明，所以给查杀病毒带来了新的难度，也给反病毒软件开发商带来挑战。但随着计算机程序开发语言的技术性提高、计算机网络越来越普及，病毒的开发和传播是越来越容易了，因而反病毒软件开发公司也是越来越多了。但目前比较有名的还是那么几个系统的反病毒软件，如金山毒霸、KV300、KILL、PC-cillin、VRV、瑞星、诺顿等。至于这些反病毒软件的使用在此就不必说叙了，我相信大家都有这个水平！
2、观察法
这一方法只有在了解了一些病毒发作的症状及常栖身的地方才能准确地观察到。如硬盘引导时经常出现死机、系统引导时间较长、运行速度很慢、不能访问硬盘、出现特殊的声音或提示等上述在第一大点中出现的故障时，我们首先要考虑的是病毒在作怪，但也不能一条胡洞走到底，上面我不是讲了软、硬件出现故障同样也可能出现那些症状嘛！对于如属病毒引起的我们可以从以下几个方面来观察：
a、内存观察
这一方法一般用在DOS下发现的病毒，我们可用DOS下的”mem/c/p”命令来查看各程序占用内存的情况，从中发现病毒占用内存的情况（一般不单独占用，而是依附在其它程序之中），有的病毒占用内存也比较隐蔽，用”mem/c/p”发现不了它，但可以看到总的基本内存640K之中少了那么区区1k或几K。
b、注册表观察法
这类方法一般适用于近来出现的所谓黑客程序，如木马程序，这些病毒一般是通过修改注册表中的启动、加载配置来达到自动启动或加载的，一般是在如下几个地方实现：
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion
等等，具体可参考我的另一篇文章–《通通透透看木马》，在其中对注册表中可能出现的地方会有一个比较详尽的分析。
c、系统配置文件观察法
这类方法一般也是适用于黑客类程序，这类病毒一般在隐藏在system.ini 、wini.ini（Win9x/WinME）和启动组中，在system.ini文件中有一个”shell=”项，而在wini.ini文件中有”load= “、”run= “项，这些病毒一般就是在这些项目中加载它们自身的程序的，注意有时是修改原有的某个程序。我们可以运行Win9x/WinME中的msconfig.exe程序来一项一项查看。具体也可参考我的《通通透透看木马》一文。
d、特征字符串观察法
这种方法主要是针对一些较特别的病毒，这些病毒入侵时会写相应的特征代码，如CIH病毒就会在入侵的文件中写入”CIH”这样的字符串，当然我们不可能轻易地发现，我们可以对主要的系统文件（如Explorer.exe)运用16进制代码编辑器进行编辑就可发现，当然编辑之前最好还要要备份，毕竟是主要系统文件。
e、硬盘空间观察法
有些病毒不会破坏你的系统文件，而仅是生成一个隐藏的文件，这个文件一般内容很少，但所占硬盘空间很大，有时大得让你的硬盘无法运行一般的程序，但是你查又看不到它，这时我们就要打开资源管理器，然后把所查看的内容属性设置成可查看所有属性的文件（这方法应不需要我来说吧？），相信这个庞然大物一定会到时显形的，因为病毒一般把它设置成隐藏属性的。到时删除它即可，这方面的例子在我进行电脑网络维护和个人电脑维修过程中见到几例，明明只安装了几个常用程序，为什么在C盘之中几个G的硬盘空间显示就没有了，经过上述方法一般能很快地让病毒显形的。
2008年8月17日星期日
Pass4side最新的软件版本的190-803,190-804等DEMO免费下载
Pass4side试题都是考试原题的完美组合，覆盖率95％以上，答案由多位专业资深讲师原版破解得出，正确率100％，只要您使用本站的宝典参加考试，我们保证您一次轻松通过考试。
免费DEMO下载地址:
190-803 Using LotusScript in IBM Lotus Domino 8 Applications
190-804 Using JavaScript in IBM Lotus Domino 8 Applications
920-260 Nortel Secure Routers Rls. 10.1 Configuration & Management
920-340 Nortel Software Communication System 500 Rls.2.0 Config
920-471 Nortel Converged Office CS 1000 Rls. 5.x Config & Networking
922-102 Nortel Converged Office for CS 1000 Rls. 5.x Configuration
更多考试题库可登陆：www.pass4side.cn
免费DEMO下载地址:
190-803 Using LotusScript in IBM Lotus Domino 8 Applications
190-804 Using JavaScript in IBM Lotus Domino 8 Applications
920-260 Nortel Secure Routers Rls. 10.1 Configuration & Management
920-340 Nortel Software Communication System 500 Rls.2.0 Config
920-471 Nortel Converged Office CS 1000 Rls. 5.x Config & Networking
922-102 Nortel Converged Office for CS 1000 Rls. 5.x Configuration
更多考试题库可登陆：www.pass4side.cn
2008年8月4日星期一
Pass4side 考试引擎提供给70-296题库给大家
Pass4side 考试引擎提供给70-296题库给大家微软认证考试科目中有编号为70-296的认证科目，我把他奉献给大家，希望能帮助到各位在学和即将参加微软考试的各位学员。免费下载：70-296-ver-496
Pass4side 考试引擎提供给70-297题库给大家
Pass4side 考试引擎提供给70-297题库给大家微软认证考试科目中有编号为70-297的认证科目，我把他奉献给大家，希望能帮助到各位在学和即将参加微软考试的各位学员。免费下载：
70-297-ver-442
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Pass4side 考试引擎提供给70-298题库给大家
Pass4side 考试引擎提供给70-298题库给大家认证考试科目中有编号为70-298的认证科目，我把他奉献给大家，希望能帮助到各位在学和即将参加认证考试的各位学员。免费下载：
70-298-ver-467
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Pass4side 考试引擎提供给70-299题库给大家
Pass4side 考试引擎提供给70-299题库给大家认证考试科目中有编号为70-299的认证科目，我把他奉献给大家，希望能帮助到各位在学和即将参加认证考试的各位学员。免费下载：
70-299-ver-5841
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2008年7月31日星期四
Sun exams sun exams include
Sun exams sun exams include
310-301 310-150 350-020 and so on.This 310-301 310-150 350-020 i s just one of the many exams included, so that you can pass 310-301 easily, whether you are trying to pass your SUN, CCNA or any other popular certification today. For perfect 310-150 exam training, don't rely on 350-020 braindumps. Get the 310-301 study guide, which is actually the best 310-301pdf you can get with questions and answers to pass 310-301today. Any free 310-301 exam resource is not going to give you the edge you need when it comes to perfect training. The 310-150 download file from Actualtests.com is filled with the most realistic information you can find for 350-020exam prep.
1.You have completed an 350-020 EIS installation. The customer asks for a copy of the EIS CD-ROM in case they need to rebuild the same system at a later date. What should you do?A: Advise the customer to order an official copy.B: Give the customer the discs as part of the installation.C: Refuse politely, the discs are not available to customers.D: Offer to make copy of the discs which you will pass on later.Correct Answers: C
2.A workgroup server running Veritas NetBackup is experiencing memory problems. You require a Sun Explorer output, but collecting the Veritas NetBackup logs will make it too big. Which Sun Explorer command should be used to avoid 350-020 problem?A: explorer -w default,nbuB: explorer -W default,nbuC: explorer -r default,nbuD: explorer -r default,!nbuE: explorer -w default,!nbuF: explorer -W default,!nbuECorrect Answers: E3..You are troubleshooting a StorEdge 310-301 Array with an amber I/O Error LED. The customer is concerned about downtime and asks you which components can be swapped out without bringing the system down. Which three components are hot swappable? (Choose three.)A:DisksB:MidplaneC:I/O ModuleD:Controller ModuleE:Power cooling unitCorrect Answers: A, D, E4 You are required to set up a soft partition HP0-757 using Solaris Volume Manager on a Solaris system. What command should you use?A: metadb -a -c 2 c1t3d0s7B: metainit d20 1 1 c1t3d0s2C: metainit d20 -p c1t3d0s2 4gD: metainit d20 2 1 c1t3d0s2 c1t4d0s2Correct Answers: C
310-301 310-150 350-020 and so on.This 310-301 310-150 350-020 i s just one of the many exams included, so that you can pass 310-301 easily, whether you are trying to pass your SUN, CCNA or any other popular certification today. For perfect 310-150 exam training, don't rely on 350-020 braindumps. Get the 310-301 study guide, which is actually the best 310-301pdf you can get with questions and answers to pass 310-301today. Any free 310-301 exam resource is not going to give you the edge you need when it comes to perfect training. The 310-150 download file from Actualtests.com is filled with the most realistic information you can find for 350-020exam prep.
1.You have completed an 350-020 EIS installation. The customer asks for a copy of the EIS CD-ROM in case they need to rebuild the same system at a later date. What should you do?A: Advise the customer to order an official copy.B: Give the customer the discs as part of the installation.C: Refuse politely, the discs are not available to customers.D: Offer to make copy of the discs which you will pass on later.Correct Answers: C
2.A workgroup server running Veritas NetBackup is experiencing memory problems. You require a Sun Explorer output, but collecting the Veritas NetBackup logs will make it too big. Which Sun Explorer command should be used to avoid 350-020 problem?A: explorer -w default,nbuB: explorer -W default,nbuC: explorer -r default,nbuD: explorer -r default,!nbuE: explorer -w default,!nbuF: explorer -W default,!nbuECorrect Answers: E3..You are troubleshooting a StorEdge 310-301 Array with an amber I/O Error LED. The customer is concerned about downtime and asks you which components can be swapped out without bringing the system down. Which three components are hot swappable? (Choose three.)A:DisksB:MidplaneC:I/O ModuleD:Controller ModuleE:Power cooling unitCorrect Answers: A, D, E4 You are required to set up a soft partition HP0-757 using Solaris Volume Manager on a Solaris system. What command should you use?A: metadb -a -c 2 c1t3d0s7B: metainit d20 1 1 c1t3d0s2C: metainit d20 -p c1t3d0s2 4gD: metainit d20 2 1 c1t3d0s2 c1t4d0s2Correct Answers: C
Pass4side 642-586精选题
Pass4side 642-586精选题
1.A customer in the United States requires connectivity between two campus locations that are located 6 miles (9.65 km) apart. The customer also needs a minimum data rate of 54 Mbps in an area that is known to have 2.4-GHz interference. Which two devices MB6-285 MB7-231 642-964 MB7-224 will provide a bridge link and avoid the interference? (Choose two.)
A:Cisco Aironet 1100 Series Access PointB:Cisco Aironet 1210 Series Access PointC:Cisco Aironet 1242AG Series Access PointD:Cisco Aironet 1300 Series Outdoor Access Point/BridgeE:Cisco Aironet 1400 Series Wireless BridgeCorrect Answers: C, E
2.In controller-based architecture, a control message sent between the access point and the controller is secured using which protocol?
A: AESB: TKIPC: LWAPPD: CCKMCorrect Answers: A
3.The Cisco WLAN controller examines 642-414 350-020 MB2-186 350-018 a variety of real-time RF characteristics to efficiently handle channel assignments. These characteristics include which three of the following? (Choose three.)
A:EMIB:client RSSIC:switch loadD:client loadE:utilizationF:noiseCorrect Answers: D, E, F
1.A customer in the United States requires connectivity between two campus locations that are located 6 miles (9.65 km) apart. The customer also needs a minimum data rate of 54 Mbps in an area that is known to have 2.4-GHz interference. Which two devices MB6-285 MB7-231 642-964 MB7-224 will provide a bridge link and avoid the interference? (Choose two.)
A:Cisco Aironet 1100 Series Access PointB:Cisco Aironet 1210 Series Access PointC:Cisco Aironet 1242AG Series Access PointD:Cisco Aironet 1300 Series Outdoor Access Point/BridgeE:Cisco Aironet 1400 Series Wireless BridgeCorrect Answers: C, E
2.In controller-based architecture, a control message sent between the access point and the controller is secured using which protocol?
A: AESB: TKIPC: LWAPPD: CCKMCorrect Answers: A
3.The Cisco WLAN controller examines 642-414 350-020 MB2-186 350-018 a variety of real-time RF characteristics to efficiently handle channel assignments. These characteristics include which three of the following? (Choose three.)
A:EMIB:client RSSIC:switch loadD:client loadE:utilizationF:noiseCorrect Answers: D, E, F
Pass4side 642-586精选题
Pass4side 642-586精选题
1.A customer in the United States requires connectivity between two campus locations that are located 6 miles (9.65 km) apart. The customer also needs a minimum data rate of 54 Mbps in an area that is known to have 2.4-GHz interference. Which two devices MB6-285 MB7-231 642-964 MB7-224 will provide a bridge link and avoid the interference? (Choose two.)
A:Cisco Aironet 1100 Series Access Point
B:Cisco Aironet 1210 Series Access Point
C:Cisco Aironet 1242AG Series Access Point
D:Cisco Aironet 1300 Series Outdoor Access Point/BridgeE:Cisco Aironet 1400 Series Wireless BridgeCorrect
Answers: C, E
2.In controller-based architecture, a control message sent between the access point and the controller is secured using which protocol?
A: AES
B: TKIP
C: LWAPP
D: CCKMCorrect
Answers: A
3.The Cisco WLAN controller examines 642-414 350-020 MB2-186 350-018 a variety of real-time RF characteristics to efficiently handle channel assignments. These characteristics include which three of the following? (Choose three.)
A:EMI
B:client RSSI
C:switch load
D:client load
E:utilization
F:noiseCorrect
Answers: D, E, F
1.A customer in the United States requires connectivity between two campus locations that are located 6 miles (9.65 km) apart. The customer also needs a minimum data rate of 54 Mbps in an area that is known to have 2.4-GHz interference. Which two devices MB6-285 MB7-231 642-964 MB7-224 will provide a bridge link and avoid the interference? (Choose two.)
A:Cisco Aironet 1100 Series Access Point
B:Cisco Aironet 1210 Series Access Point
C:Cisco Aironet 1242AG Series Access Point
D:Cisco Aironet 1300 Series Outdoor Access Point/BridgeE:Cisco Aironet 1400 Series Wireless BridgeCorrect
Answers: C, E
2.In controller-based architecture, a control message sent between the access point and the controller is secured using which protocol?
A: AES
B: TKIP
C: LWAPP
D: CCKMCorrect
Answers: A
3.The Cisco WLAN controller examines 642-414 350-020 MB2-186 350-018 a variety of real-time RF characteristics to efficiently handle channel assignments. These characteristics include which three of the following? (Choose three.)
A:EMI
B:client RSSI
C:switch load
D:client load
E:utilization
F:noiseCorrect
Answers: D, E, F
Pass4side 642-801考试参考书籍介绍
642-801考试全称 CCNP's Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI),是属于ccna的一门考试.为了帮助大家通过这门考试特别推荐由Clare Gough 编写的<<CCNP BSCI认证考试指南>>,她从事事了17年的网络工程师工作，期间管理和设计过大型网络。她于1997年获得了CCIE认证，是最早这种认证的女性之一。除从事网络设计咨询工作外，她还是技术培训方面的权威，为CiscoPress编写过多本畅销全球的图书；受聘于亚特兰大的数字设备公司.该书中内容主要包括IP路由选择基础、单区域和多区域OSPF的工作原理及其配置、集成IS-IS的工作原理及其配置、EIGRP的工作原理及其配置、BGP的工作原理及其配置、冲刺案例等共19章。每章开头的"我已经知道了吗"帮助读者确定如何分配有限的学习时间；末尾的"基础总结"以图表和列表的方式总结了每章最重要的内容，方便读者随时参考和复习；最后的问答题帮助读者评估对本章内容的掌握程度.最主要的两章是设计IP网和IP距离矢量路由选择原理.Optical Sales Expert Storage Networking VPN and Security Wireless LAN APE for Validating Knowledge Others 642-801考试一些的相关信息也在这里提一下,考试为时间：90分钟,考题数目：55-65题 ,通过分数线：776分.
2008年7月7日星期一
pass4side Lab-qa For Ccna (640-802) -new!
pass4side Lab-qa For Ccna (640-802) -new!
pass4side has developed a new type of product for Cisco lab questions so to make up the defect that there is lack of good study material for Cisco lab field for those years. The new lab questions will be provided as interactive format to replace the old lab-QA.pass4side technical team would like to share one of the new lab questions for CCNA(640-802) on this forum now, and here is the link for the interactive video, download it for free!In order to response the demands from our customers, pass4side will always try its best to develop the new products and provide the best service for all of the users!
pass4side has developed a new type of product for Cisco lab questions so to make up the defect that there is lack of good study material for Cisco lab field for those years. The new lab questions will be provided as interactive format to replace the old lab-QA.pass4side technical team would like to share one of the new lab questions for CCNA(640-802) on this forum now, and here is the link for the interactive video, download it for free!In order to response the demands from our customers, pass4side will always try its best to develop the new products and provide the best service for all of the users!
about Cisco’s CCNA ICND Exam
Five things to know about Cisco’s CCNA ICND Exam:
1. CCNA ICND is cnprehensiveThe Cisco CCNA ICND exam covers a large variety of topics from basic TCP/IP knowledge to routing protocols and spanning trees. In other words, it’s a tough exam because it covers so much. It is important that you do well on the ICND because most of it serves as the basis for all other Cisco CCNA track exams, and so it is important that you respect the breadth of information that this test covers.
2. CCNA ICND is practicalThe ICND exam is not the kind of test where only “book smarts” will cne into play. Simply put, you need to be able to use the information you learn and apply it to a real-world network troubleshooting issue. For example: knowing that IP is an unreliable service is one thing – solving a cnmunications error between two nodes over IP is quite another.
3. ICND is shortThink you can handle 45-60 questions in 75-90 minutes? You better be able to in order to excel on the ICND test, which tests candidates rapidly in their knowledge on all things Cisco networking. Pacing and speed are both major issues in the test as is appropriate test preparation. At the same time, the CCNA ICND exam covers many real-world situations, which are may be cnplex to understand without adequate time.
4. ICND is marketablePassing the Cisco CCNA ICND exam doesn’t just open up the CCNA path to candidates. It also allows you to market yourself as a true networking expert with more knowledge and skill than your non-certified peers, allowing you to really stretch out your skills and your opportunities.
5. CCNA ICND Exam covers
LAN Setup WirelessWLAN and VLANNetworking devicesNetwork hardwareAccess control and other netwokring topics.
1. CCNA ICND is cnprehensiveThe Cisco CCNA ICND exam covers a large variety of topics from basic TCP/IP knowledge to routing protocols and spanning trees. In other words, it’s a tough exam because it covers so much. It is important that you do well on the ICND because most of it serves as the basis for all other Cisco CCNA track exams, and so it is important that you respect the breadth of information that this test covers.
2. CCNA ICND is practicalThe ICND exam is not the kind of test where only “book smarts” will cne into play. Simply put, you need to be able to use the information you learn and apply it to a real-world network troubleshooting issue. For example: knowing that IP is an unreliable service is one thing – solving a cnmunications error between two nodes over IP is quite another.
3. ICND is shortThink you can handle 45-60 questions in 75-90 minutes? You better be able to in order to excel on the ICND test, which tests candidates rapidly in their knowledge on all things Cisco networking. Pacing and speed are both major issues in the test as is appropriate test preparation. At the same time, the CCNA ICND exam covers many real-world situations, which are may be cnplex to understand without adequate time.
4. ICND is marketablePassing the Cisco CCNA ICND exam doesn’t just open up the CCNA path to candidates. It also allows you to market yourself as a true networking expert with more knowledge and skill than your non-certified peers, allowing you to really stretch out your skills and your opportunities.
5. CCNA ICND Exam covers
LAN Setup WirelessWLAN and VLANNetworking devicesNetwork hardwareAccess control and other netwokring topics.
2008年7月1日星期二
About CCNA Certification
About CCNA Certification
Cisco certification exams In the world of IT, cnpetition has becne fierce and keeping your edge may require certification. Discover the secrets behind being successful on your Cisco Certified Network Associate certification exam.In pursuing a Cisco certification, the first mile marker one will encounter along the path is the Cisco CCNA certification. This certification is designed to validate a solid foundation of networking skills, including a basic knowledge of the OSI reference model, networking protocols, Layer 2 switching concepts and protocols, routing concepts and protocols, and wide-area networking (WAN) connectivity. A person who achieves CCNA certification should have the skills necessary to provide basic network installations and level 1 troubleshooting skills.The knowledge required to pass the Cisco CCNA exam is among the most valuable skills required in the networking field. The topics covered by the CCNA certification exam are the building blocks of all networking topologies and protocols. Without the proper grounding in these skills, a networking professional will find it difficult to understand many of the more cnplex technologies in the networking field. The most important aspects of the certification are the ways that devices cnmunicate between each other in a networking environment using the different devices, such as Layer 2 switches and routers, to provide interconnectivity.Cisco has revised the CCNA certification to validate the ability to install, operate and troubleshoot more cnplex, medium-sized routed and switched networks, including the ability to configure IP addressing and authentication, as well as establish and troubleshoot connections to service providers over a WAN. The new curriculum also covers mitigation of basic security threats and an introduction to wireless network concepts. CCNA Braindump a cnprehensive understanding of networking fundamentals and the skills required for positions such as a Network Specialist or Associate Network Engineer. At TestKing, we have updated all the CCNA study content to reflect the changes made by Cisco, so you can be sure that our exam preparation materials are up to date and relevant.More information about 640-802 exam:CCNA 640-802 Cisco 640-802 ACI Certification
Cisco certification exams In the world of IT, cnpetition has becne fierce and keeping your edge may require certification. Discover the secrets behind being successful on your Cisco Certified Network Associate certification exam.In pursuing a Cisco certification, the first mile marker one will encounter along the path is the Cisco CCNA certification. This certification is designed to validate a solid foundation of networking skills, including a basic knowledge of the OSI reference model, networking protocols, Layer 2 switching concepts and protocols, routing concepts and protocols, and wide-area networking (WAN) connectivity. A person who achieves CCNA certification should have the skills necessary to provide basic network installations and level 1 troubleshooting skills.The knowledge required to pass the Cisco CCNA exam is among the most valuable skills required in the networking field. The topics covered by the CCNA certification exam are the building blocks of all networking topologies and protocols. Without the proper grounding in these skills, a networking professional will find it difficult to understand many of the more cnplex technologies in the networking field. The most important aspects of the certification are the ways that devices cnmunicate between each other in a networking environment using the different devices, such as Layer 2 switches and routers, to provide interconnectivity.Cisco has revised the CCNA certification to validate the ability to install, operate and troubleshoot more cnplex, medium-sized routed and switched networks, including the ability to configure IP addressing and authentication, as well as establish and troubleshoot connections to service providers over a WAN. The new curriculum also covers mitigation of basic security threats and an introduction to wireless network concepts. CCNA Braindump a cnprehensive understanding of networking fundamentals and the skills required for positions such as a Network Specialist or Associate Network Engineer. At TestKing, we have updated all the CCNA study content to reflect the changes made by Cisco, so you can be sure that our exam preparation materials are up to date and relevant.More information about 640-802 exam:CCNA 640-802 Cisco 640-802 ACI Certification
2008年6月22日星期日
Unit Ten credit card and Computer
Unit Ten credit card and Computer.
One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon--- it’s already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufactures for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon--- it’s already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufactures for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
The Ant and the Grasshopper
In a field one summer's day a Grasshopper was hopping about, chirping and singing to its heart's content.An Ant passed by, bearing along with great toil an ear of corn he was taking to the nest.
"Why not come and chat with me," said the Grasshopper, "instead of toiling and moiling in that way?"
"I am helping to lay up food for the winter," said the Ant, "and recommend you to do the same."
"Why bother about winter?"said the Grasshopper; "We have got plenty of food at present." But the Ant went on its way and continued its toil.When the winter came the Grasshopper had no food and found itself dying of hunger - while it saw the ants distributing every day corn and grain from the stores they had collected in the summer.Then the Grasshopper knew: It is best to prepare for days of need.
"Why not come and chat with me," said the Grasshopper, "instead of toiling and moiling in that way?"
"I am helping to lay up food for the winter," said the Ant, "and recommend you to do the same."
"Why bother about winter?"said the Grasshopper; "We have got plenty of food at present." But the Ant went on its way and continued its toil.When the winter came the Grasshopper had no food and found itself dying of hunger - while it saw the ants distributing every day corn and grain from the stores they had collected in the summer.Then the Grasshopper knew: It is best to prepare for days of need.
Someone To Care For
My friend Natalie can't see the point in you. She says that all you do is burp, fart, dribble, grin inanely and emit a series if unintelligible noises. Admittedly she hasn't seen you at your best, but I still think that's a little harsh. The first time Natalie came to visit you were asleep on your back, gurgling little spit bubbles, a thin strand of drool running down your chin. Natalie just stared at you as if you were a creature from another planet. She made no secret of the fact that she wasn't impressed. The second time she came to visit you crawled across the carpet towards her and vomited on her expensive new shoes. I tried to make light of it, explaining that it's mainly just liquid and wipes off easily, but she really did look quite appalled. Natalie likes being a career woman, rushing between meetings in her power suit, clutching her Starbucks Coffee and her laptop. She's never wanted a husband or a baby, but if she could see you on a good day I'm sure she'd feel differently. If she could see the way you clap your hands and squeal with excitement when Scooby-Doo comes on the telly then she'd find you just as adorable as I do. Instead she thinks you're smelly and have a strange shaped head. She looked revolted when I said you like putting your toes in your mouth, and finds it disturbing that you're always staring greedily at my breasts. It upsets her even more when you stare greedily at her breasts. I tried to explain that you're a man and that's what men do, but she wasn't having any of it. If I'm honest, I think you could have made a bit more of an effort when Natalie first visited our house. I know it was the morning after Spongey's stag do, but I thought you could have at least lugged yourself into the bedroom instead of lying sprawled on the sofa in a curly wig, a pair of women's shoes and a t-shirt with a photo of Spongey's bare bottom on the front. If you'd had some trousers on it might not have been so bad. Natalie and I were comfortable enough perched on the wooden chairs, but it was quite distracting to have you snoring over our conversation, and I think Natalie was a bit uncomfortable when you started mumbling and fiddling with yourself.
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When Natalie left, giving me a kiss on the cheek and a look of pity before rushing off for an appointment with her personal trainer, I removed your stilettos, covered you with a blanket and wiped the drool from your chin. Later, when you woke up screaming about a pain in your head which you assumed must be a brain haemorrhage, I gently explained that you had simply consumed an excessive amount of alcohol. I then sat by your side, holding your hand and stroking your forehead in a bid to reassure you. Three days later when you had recovered, I firmly reiterated this link between lager and suffering and said I hoped you had learnt your lesson. You looked ashamed, said you wouldn't do it again and then promptly went out and got wasted. I'd secretly hoped that things would be better the next time Natalie came to visit. I thought she might like you better if you had your trousers on and were conscious. To be fair you didn't let me down on either of those counts, but if I'm going to be picky then I wish you'd been sober and hadn't vomited on her. I assumed that when I told you she was coming for dinner you would come home from the pub before ten o'clock, but of course you bumped into Spongey down at the Queens Head and the two of you decided to celebrate the fact that you were wearing the same socks. I understand how important these things are to you, and I do appreciate the fact that you phoned me from the pub six times with a string of terrible excuses, but could you not have come for the Chicken Chasseur I had prepared? Instead you fell through the front door three hours late, addressed Natalie as Bob, crawled towards her on all fours and then chucked up all over her feet. It wiped off just as I said it would, but I don't think that made Natalie like you any better. Once Natalie had left - which she did at great pace - I cleared up the mess and sat you down at the kitchen table. You clutched my fingers tightly and tried to put one of them in your mouth, mistaking it for the digestive biscuit I offered you. I should have been furious, but when you grinned stupidly at me, your mouth surrounded by biscuit crumbs, my heart softened and I forgave you. At the end of the day, however badly you behave, you're mine and I still love you.
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I can understand why Nathalie thinks you're an idiot, but it's easy for her to judge. She already has everything she ever desired. I never wanted the impressive job title, the sports car or the big flashy house. All I ever really wanted was to be a mother. You might not be the most sophisticated man in the world, but you have a good heart and all the other necessary parts to help me fulfil that dream. I know exactly why having a baby is so important to me: I want someone I can take care of. I find it incredible that another flailing, helpless human being could rely on me to look after them. Babies are so utterly incapable of looking after themselves, so dependent on others for their wellbeing. From their failure to control their bodily functions to their inability to use their tiny undeveloped brains, they are so completely useless without someone to care for them. I want to be needed like that. Natalie says I don't need a baby to fulfil my dream. She says I'm already there. I have no idea what she means. I just don't think these career women understand
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When Natalie left, giving me a kiss on the cheek and a look of pity before rushing off for an appointment with her personal trainer, I removed your stilettos, covered you with a blanket and wiped the drool from your chin. Later, when you woke up screaming about a pain in your head which you assumed must be a brain haemorrhage, I gently explained that you had simply consumed an excessive amount of alcohol. I then sat by your side, holding your hand and stroking your forehead in a bid to reassure you. Three days later when you had recovered, I firmly reiterated this link between lager and suffering and said I hoped you had learnt your lesson. You looked ashamed, said you wouldn't do it again and then promptly went out and got wasted. I'd secretly hoped that things would be better the next time Natalie came to visit. I thought she might like you better if you had your trousers on and were conscious. To be fair you didn't let me down on either of those counts, but if I'm going to be picky then I wish you'd been sober and hadn't vomited on her. I assumed that when I told you she was coming for dinner you would come home from the pub before ten o'clock, but of course you bumped into Spongey down at the Queens Head and the two of you decided to celebrate the fact that you were wearing the same socks. I understand how important these things are to you, and I do appreciate the fact that you phoned me from the pub six times with a string of terrible excuses, but could you not have come for the Chicken Chasseur I had prepared? Instead you fell through the front door three hours late, addressed Natalie as Bob, crawled towards her on all fours and then chucked up all over her feet. It wiped off just as I said it would, but I don't think that made Natalie like you any better. Once Natalie had left - which she did at great pace - I cleared up the mess and sat you down at the kitchen table. You clutched my fingers tightly and tried to put one of them in your mouth, mistaking it for the digestive biscuit I offered you. I should have been furious, but when you grinned stupidly at me, your mouth surrounded by biscuit crumbs, my heart softened and I forgave you. At the end of the day, however badly you behave, you're mine and I still love you.
<>
I can understand why Nathalie thinks you're an idiot, but it's easy for her to judge. She already has everything she ever desired. I never wanted the impressive job title, the sports car or the big flashy house. All I ever really wanted was to be a mother. You might not be the most sophisticated man in the world, but you have a good heart and all the other necessary parts to help me fulfil that dream. I know exactly why having a baby is so important to me: I want someone I can take care of. I find it incredible that another flailing, helpless human being could rely on me to look after them. Babies are so utterly incapable of looking after themselves, so dependent on others for their wellbeing. From their failure to control their bodily functions to their inability to use their tiny undeveloped brains, they are so completely useless without someone to care for them. I want to be needed like that. Natalie says I don't need a baby to fulfil my dream. She says I'm already there. I have no idea what she means. I just don't think these career women understand
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